Using data from 27 interviews with manufacturers and retailers, the study finds that high costs for production and marketing, along with lack of consumer interest, are among the most substantial barriers. To provide a system-wide perspective, the study conceptualizes relationships among barriers as a chain reaction: limited knowledge of CE design options raises the difficulty and cost of delivering high-quality circular products at the firm level, while limited availability of circular supply streams combined with the orientation of existing production systems toward linear supply chains constrain CE transition at the industry level.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jiec.13196

Hartley, Kris, Roosendaal, Jasper, and Kirchherr, Julian. (2021). “Barriers to the Circular Economy: The Case of the Dutch Technical and Interior Textiles Industries.” Journal of Industrial Ecology.